基于改进遗传算法的河流水污染源反演方法

针对河流水污染应急响应过程中污染源排放历史迟知、未知的问题,结合多种群遗传算法和自适应遗传算法,利用一维河流水质模型和水质监测数据,研究建立了基于改进遗传算法的河流水污染定量源反演方法,实现了对河流污染源排放历史的识别与重构.将该方法应用于美国特拉基河流的3个不同流量下的示踪剂实验中,对示踪剂排放历史进行定量源反演分析.结果表明：IGA算法对高、中、低不同流量下的3次示踪剂实验均可以很好的重构和识别示踪剂排放历史,对于实际河流水污染源反演分析的误差均在可接受范围内.IGA算法在河流水污染源反演分析中具有一定的可靠性和稳定性,可为河流水污染精准溯源与治理提供科学的技术支撑.     

铁锰复合氧化物滤料去除地下水中四环素的效能

以化学挂膜成熟运行5a的铁锰复合氧化物滤料为研究对象,利用静态与连续流柱实验相结合的方式,探究了该滤料去除四环素的效果与机理.结果表明,去除过程符合准二级反应动力学模型;且滤料质量越大,初始浓度越高,对四环素去除的效果越好;当水中共存阳离子浓度为0.01mol/L时,Mg²⁺抑制四环素的去除,而Ca²⁺、K⁺对四环素的去除过程无显著影响.连续流柱实验与发光细菌毒性检测分析,表明,铁锰氧化物滤料对四环素去除效果显著高于石英砂,且铁锰复合氧化物滤料去除四环素后急性毒性降低.此外,机理探究实验结果证实了铁锰复合氧化物滤料去除四环素是吸附与氧化的过程.     

焚烧飞灰重金属含量及浸出长期变化规律研究

通过对24个飞灰样品的重金属全量消解和高精度X射线荧光光谱法（HDXRF）快速检测结果进行线性回归分析,发现HDXRF法可较准确测定飞灰中Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni和Cd含量（线性回归决定系数R²³0.90）.采用HDXRF法对某焚烧厂飞灰重金属含量6个月快速检测及浸出毒性测定数据统计分析发现：飞灰重金属月均含量较稳定（变异系数CV<0.14）但日均含量波动较大（CV>2.54）;飞灰中Pb、Cu和Zn含量呈正相关（相关系数r>0.78）;金属浸出浓度受浸出液终点pH值影响显著,超标频率依次为Pb（68.9%）、Cd（66.1%）、Ni（24.0%）、Cu（14.2%）和Zn（1.6%）.短期飞灰金属含量和浸出毒性数据受焚烧工况,烟气处理工况和垃圾组分等多种因素共同影响,不具有代表性.为评估垃圾分类源头削减重金属效果,建议采用快速检测方法对焚烧飞灰重金属含量进行长期监测.     

内质网应激在氟暴露致小鼠睾丸损伤中的作用

探讨了内质网应激在亚慢性氟暴露致小鼠睾丸损伤中的作用及分子机制.选用健康初断乳ICR雄性小鼠30只,随机分为对照组（C）、低氟组（LF）和高氟组（HF）,分别饮用自来水、5、30 mg·L^-1氟化钠水溶液90 d.亚慢性氟暴露结束后,以睾丸脏器系数、睾丸组织氧化/抗氧化酶和形态结构、精子质量、睾丸细胞凋亡、葡萄糖调节蛋白78（GRP78）、CCAAT/增强子结合蛋白同源蛋白（CHOP）、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶12（CASPASE-12）、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3（CASPASE-3）为观测点.结果表明,与对照组比,LF组和HF组LDH、SOD、T-AOC活性下降,MDA含量上升,HF组GSH-PX活性下降,差异有统计学意义（p<0.05或p<0.01）;LF组可见细胞层次减少、间隙变大,成熟精子数量减少,HF组细胞溶解、层次紊乱,空泡化严重,少见成熟精子;LF组和HF组小鼠的精子活力降低,HF组小鼠精子数量下降,畸形率上升,差异有统计学意义（p<0.05或p<0.01）;LF组和HF组睾丸细胞凋亡指数上升,差异有统计学意义（p<0.01）;LF组和HF组Grp78、Caspase-12、Caspase-3基因表达水平上升,差异有统计学意义（p<0.05或p<0.01）.结果提示,除氧化应激以外,Caspase-12和Caspase-3基因表达异常可能是氟暴露致小鼠睾丸细胞凋亡异常的分子机制之一.     

中国近岸海域优势藻种吸收利用磷的过程

通过现场采样和室内培养实验分析了藻类植物的生长状况和细胞结合态磷对磷酸盐浓度的响应.现场调查结果发现,在水华区域藻类植物的细胞磷库分布特点与非水华区域明显不同.室内培养结果发现,中肋骨条藻和东海原甲藻的最大磷酸盐吸收速率为7.71,2.39μmol/（L·d）,最大比生长率分别为0.517,0.262d^-1,磷酸盐吸收同化率为5.9×10^-8,4.7×10^-7μmol/cell,前者具有更快的磷酸盐吸收能力,更高的比生长率和较低的磷酸盐吸收同化率.2种藻细胞内结合态磷通常占细胞总磷库的50%以上,是细胞磷库主要存在形式.中肋骨条藻种群可以通过藻细胞数量增长来吸收环境中的磷源,而东海原甲藻则会优先满足细胞自身的磷储存后进行细胞增殖.在高浓度磷环境中,东海原甲藻种群的细胞不同结合态磷的质量浓度会达到饱和.磷匮乏时,中肋骨条藻和东海原甲藻的细胞内结合态磷的质量浓度与零时刻相比分别降低了45%和66%,前者明显低于后者.培养过程中,中肋骨条藻单个细胞的细胞表面吸附态磷库（95%）比细胞内磷库（50%）的降低幅度更大,东海原甲藻则与之相反.     

电絮凝净化含聚污水影响因素研究

目的为保障油田正常安全生产,促进油田含聚污水的循环利用。方法采用电絮凝技术单因素研究方法开展净化含聚污水的静态实验研究,探讨外加电流密度、极板间距、初始pH及聚合物浓度等因素对净化效果的影响规律。结果当初始pH为7.0,电流密度为4.0 m A/m2,极板间距为1.0 cm,电解16 min时,综合处理效果最佳。此时,含油量与浊度去除率分别为98.85%,99.93%,处理每克油平均消耗为0.0494 g的Al,处理每立方米含聚污水的能耗为0.2895 k Wh。污水中的聚合物浓度越小,净化效果越好。结论中性处理,极板间距为1.0 cm,外加电流密度为4.0 m A/m2,通电16 min是最佳处理条件。     

一种模拟动力学边界条件的环境振动试验方法研究

目的提高环境振动试验的可靠性。方法以某典型钛合金蜂窝夹芯壁板试验件为例,提出一种模拟试验件动力学边界条件的试验方法,在试验件周围引入弹性连接件,再通过刚性转接工装与振动台台面连接,以试验件在试验安装状态下的共振频率及振型节线位置为优化目标,以弹性连接件的外形尺寸及厚度为优化变量,对弹性连接件进行优化设计,从而模拟试验件真实的动力学边界条件。结果弹性连接件的优化设计使得试验件在试验安装状态下前两阶共振频率与试验要求相差小于8%,而且振型节线位置与试验要求基本重合,达到了模拟试验件真实动力学边界条件的设计目标。结论对于壁板类试验件,在传统刚性夹具的基础上引入弹性连接件的试验方法,可以较好地模拟试验件真实动力学边界条件,提高环境振动试验的可靠性,并且这种方法对试验费用及试验周期影响较小,具有良好的工程应用前景。     

在线自动监测仪与实验室国标方法测定地表水中总氮的比对分析

随着监测技术的发展,地表水中越来越多的污染物可采用自动监测仪器实现实时监测。采用自动监测与实验室国标方法测定地表水中总氮的结果是否可比以及造成差异的原因,文章根据实际样品比对实验对此进行了探讨。     

A ten year summary of concurrent ambient water column and sediment toxicity tests in the Chesapeake Bay watershed: 1990-1999

The goal of this study was to identify the relative toxicity ofambient areas in the Chesapeake Bay watershed by using a suiteof concurrent water column and sediment toxicity tests at seventy-five ambient stations in 20 Chesapeake Bay rivers from1990 through 1999. Spatial and temporal variability was examinedat selected locations throughout the 10 yr study. Inorganicand organic contaminants were evaluated in ambient water andsediment concurrently with water column and sediment tests toassess possible causes of toxicity although absolute causalitycan not be established. Multivariate statistical analysis wasused to develop a multiple endpoint toxicity index (TOX-INDEX) at each station for both water column and sediment toxicity data. Water column tests from the 10 yr testing period showed that49% of the time, some degree of toxicity was reported. The mosttoxic sites based on water column results were located inurbanized areas such as the Anacostia River, Elizabeth River andthe Middle River. Water quality criteria for copper, lead,mercury, nickel and zinc were exceeded at one or more of thesesites. Water column toxicity was also reported in localizedareas of the South and Chester Rivers. Both spatial and temporalvariability was reported from the suite of water column toxicitytests. Some degree of sediment toxicity was reported from 62% of the tests conducted during the ten year period. The ElizabethRiver and Baltimore Harbor stations were reported as the most toxic areas based on sediment results.Sediment toxicity guidelines were exceeded for one or more of thefollowing metals at these two locations: arsenic, cadmium,chromium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc. At the Elizabeth Riverstations nine of sixteen semi-volatile organics and two of sevenpesticides measured exceeded the ER-M values in 1990. Ambientsediment toxicity tests in the Elizabeth River in 1996 showedreduced toxicity. Various semi-volatile organics exceeded the ER-M values at a number of Baltimore Harbor sites; pyrene anddibenzo(a,h)anthracene were particularly high at one of thestations (Northwest Harbor). Localized sediment toxicity was alsoreported in the Chester, James, Magothy, Rappahannock, andPotomac Rivers but the link with contaminants was not determined.Both spatial and temporal variability was less for sedimenttoxicity data when compared with water column toxicity data. Acomparison of water column and sediment toxicity data for thevarious stations over the 10 yr study showed that approximatelyhalf the time agreement occurred (either both suite of testsshowed toxicity or neither suite of tests showed toxicity).     

Response of the Ascorbate-Peroxidase of Selenastrum capricornutum to Copper and Lead in Stormwaters

The green alga Selenastrum capricornutum expresses a uniqueascorbate peroxidase, that responds to copper and lead. Attemptswere made to test if this peroxidase could be used to monitor thelevels of copper and lead in natural waters. When S.capricornutum was exposed to a stormwater sample, the specificactivity of the peroxidase in the cell extract was commensuratewith the combined copper and lead contents in the sample. Theperoxidase responses were also correlated with the 96 hr biomasstoxicity assay of S. capricornutum. However, unlike thebiomass toxicity assay, the peroxidase activity was not affectedby the anions in the samples. The use of this peroxidase can beused as a marker for testing heavy metal toxicity in the water.